Browse the evidence

The main effect of eating disorder category on UPF consumption was statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

The significant association suggests that eating disorder categories should be considered in dietary evaluations.

Dosing of protein at each meal may be important for muscle strength.

Practitioners should consider advising on protein distribution across meals for post-menopausal women.

Both whey and soy protein may provide some benefit to muscle strength.

Practitioners may consider recommending whey or soy protein to support muscle strength in post-menopausal women.

The WELL Diet Score is positively and significantly associated with overall resilience across all ages (β = 1.2 ± sd: 0.2, p < 0.001).

Improving diet quality may enhance resilience in adults.

Young adults demonstrated the strongest associations between diet quality and resilience.

Targeting dietary interventions in young adults may be particularly beneficial for enhancing resilience.

There is a significant association between hypertension and dietary intake of glucose.

Dietary interventions for hypertensive patients may benefit from focusing on glucose intake.

There is a relationship between body image and nutritional status.

Practitioners should consider body image when addressing nutritional status.

51.6% of respondents have poor energy intake.

Interventions may be needed to improve energy intake among students.

A ketogenic diet (very low carbohydrate, high fat) enhances fat oxidation and endurance performance in prolonged aerobic activities but may impair anaerobic performance and strength gains due to limited glycogen availability.

If you are an endurance athlete, a ketogenic diet may help you burn fat more efficiently during long activities. However, if you participate in high-intensity, short-duration sports (like sprinting or powerlifting), a ketogenic diet may hinder your performance and strength gains due to low glycogen. Choose your diet based on your sport's energy demands.

Pre-operative Very Low Energy Diets (VLEDs) used for 14 days may reduce technical difficulty and early complications by reducing liver volume, but do not significantly impact 30-day morbidity or operative time.

A 14-day VLED might make your surgery technically easier by shrinking your liver, but it won't necessarily reduce your overall risk of complications or shorten your operation time. It is a specific tool used in some guidelines, not a general requirement.

Formula diet-based lifestyle interventions may lead to greater weight loss compared to modern antidiabetic drugs, while maintaining comparable long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetes patients.

If you have type 2 diabetes and are obese, consider a formula diet-based lifestyle intervention. It may help you lose more weight than antidiabetic drugs while keeping your blood sugar under control, at least in the short term.

Yogic asana practice reduces body fat percentage in obese or overweight populations, with effects being more pronounced in longer-duration interventions (8-12 weeks) compared to short-term or low-intensity sessions.

To use yoga for fat loss, commit to a program lasting at least 8-12 weeks, practicing 2-3 times per week for 50-90 minutes. While yoga alone may not burn as many calories as running, it effectively reduces body fat percentage, especially when combined with basic dietary awareness. Focus on consistency rather than intensity.

Donkey milk consumption improves antioxidant defenses, reduces inflammation, and enhances mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and liver, offering a hypoallergenic alternative to cow milk.

Donkey milk offers superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits compared to standard cow milk, along with being hypoallergenic. It is a viable alternative for those with milk allergies or those seeking enhanced metabolic health markers, though it is less accessible and more expensive.

Preoperative weight stabilization for 3-6 months is a critical criterion for body contouring surgery to ensure aesthetic results and patient safety.

Do not rush into body contouring surgery immediately after losing weight. Wait until your weight has been stable for at least 3-6 months (often 15-18 months after bariatric surgery) to ensure the best aesthetic result and minimize the risk of needing revision surgery.

A 3-week interdisciplinary dermatological rehabilitation program significantly improves cardiorespiratory fitness (peak wattage) and reduces BMI in patients with psoriasis, thereby addressing key cardiovascular risk factors.

For psoriasis patients, seeking comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation that includes physical training and nutrition counseling can significantly improve heart health markers like fitness and weight, not just skin appearance. This holistic approach addresses the systemic nature of the disease.

Intensive lifestyle interventions in Saudi Arabia achieve an average weight loss of 4.1%, which is favorable compared to other published interventions but fails to meet the >5% threshold for significant comorbidity risk reduction.

Intensive lifestyle interventions in Saudi Arabia yield modest weight loss (4.1%). While not enough to fully reverse comorbidities, it is a positive step. Psychological support is crucial to prevent dropout.

Bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia achieves an average weight loss of 18% (33.6 kg) at 6 months, with high rates of sleeve gastrectomy and a young patient demographic.

Bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia is highly effective, with an average 18% body weight loss at 6 months. It is predominantly performed on young women via sleeve gastrectomy.

Phenotype-tailored interventions improve specific cardiometabolic risk factors, including waist circumference and triglycerides, more effectively than standard lifestyle interventions.

Focus on reducing waist circumference and triglycerides by adhering to a phenotype-tailored plan that ensures a consistent caloric deficit and appropriate physical activity, as this approach has been shown to improve these specific risk factors more than standard advice.

Phenotype-tailored interventions preserve lean mass percentage and resting energy expenditure (REE) better than standard lifestyle interventions.

To maintain muscle and metabolic rate during weight loss, follow a phenotype-tailored plan that includes specific exercise (like HIIT for low REE) and protein timing, as these strategies help preserve lean mass better than standard advice.

Targeting energy expenditure through thermogenic pathways (such as UCP1, futile creatine, calcium, or lipid cycles) is a viable therapeutic strategy for promoting negative energy balance and sustaining weight loss, distinct from appetite suppression.

While lifestyle changes are foundational, they often fail long-term due to biological counter-regulation. Future treatments may focus on boosting energy expenditure through specific cellular mechanisms (like thermogenesis in fat or muscle) rather than just restricting calories. For now, understanding that your body fights weight loss through increased hunger and reduced expenditure is key to managing expectations.

Among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, low intake of vegetables (specifically green-yellow and other vegetables) and high intake of sweets are the strongest dietary predictors of obesity, with these associations holding true across both men and women.

For Japanese patients with Type 2 Diabetes, managing obesity relies less on counting total calories and more on food quality. Prioritize increasing intake of green-yellow and other vegetables, as low vegetable intake is a strong predictor of obesity. Simultaneously, reduce sweets. If you consume sweets, ensure you are also eating a median amount of fruit, which may mitigate the obesity risk, but do not exceed median sweets intake even with high fruit consumption.

Combining low intake of total vegetables with low intake of fruits creates a synergistic effect that significantly increases the odds of obesity, with the highest risk observed when both are in the lowest quartiles.

Do not skip fruits. The highest risk for obesity occurs when you eat very few vegetables AND very few fruits. Eating both in adequate amounts (top quartiles) offers the strongest protection against obesity.

Weight loss, particularly through GLP-1 based pharmacotherapy (e.g., Tirzepatide), significantly reduces OSA severity and improves cardiometabolic markers like blood pressure, offering a promising alternative or adjunct to CPAP.

Losing weight is one of the most effective ways to treat OSA. New medications like Tirzepatide are showing great promise in reducing breathing pauses and improving blood pressure in obese patients. However, access and cost remain significant barriers.

Allostatic load (AL) represents the cumulative physiological stress and cost of adaptation, and can be measured using an Allostatic Load Index (ALindex) to guide nutrition and exercise interventions.

For elite athletes, consider monitoring allostatic load using biomarkers (like CRP, resting heart rate, HDL, waist-to-height ratio, and HbA1c) to assess cumulative stress. This can help adjust training and nutrition to prevent overtraining and injury.