Browse the evidence

Insulin resistance compromises the body's normal response to insulin, leading to multiple diseases including Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Practitioners should recognize insulin resistance as a critical factor in managing metabolic diseases.

New medications for T2DM, such as semaglutide, tirzepatide, and ertugliflozin, have been recently approved.

Healthcare providers should stay informed about newly approved medications for T2DM management.

Tirzepatide and cagrilintide-semaglutide are promising agents for adjunctive pharmacological management of weight gain in SMI.

Practitioners should consider these new agents as potential options for managing weight gain in SMI patients.

All measures of well-being were significantly associated with specific days of the menstrual cycle.

Practitioners should consider the timing of the menstrual cycle when assessing well-being in female athletes.

Several perceived performance metrics were significantly associated with changes across the menstrual cycle.

Coaches should be aware of how menstrual cycle phases may affect perceived performance in female athletes.

Bariatric endoscopy is becoming increasingly popular as a less invasive treatment option for obesity and associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Practitioners should consider bariatric endoscopy as a viable option for patients seeking less invasive weight loss solutions.

Obesity is often associated with sleep disorders, which can lead to further obesity.

Addressing sleep quality may be crucial in obesity management strategies.

There was a statistically significant Day × Cycle interaction for bloating, low-back pain, menstrual cramps, and stress, indicating a lower probability of experiencing these symptoms across the menstrual cycle during the intervention than the control cycle.

Yoga may significantly reduce common menstrual symptoms in athletic women.

Two recently released guidelines provide useful recommendations for the care of medical inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Practitioners should refer to these guidelines for managing hospitalized patients with T2DM.

Expert diabetologists discuss their approach to inpatient management of T2DM, including glycemic goals and medication use.

Practitioners can learn from expert discussions on managing glycemic control and medication use.

Tirzepatide enables a significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve normoglycemia (HbA1c < 5.7%) without clinically significant hypoglycemia, particularly when not combined with insulin or sulfonylureas.

Tirzepatide can help many patients with type 2 diabetes achieve normal blood sugar levels (HbA1c < 5.7%) without the high risk of dangerous low blood sugar episodes, especially if they are not taking insulin or sulfonylureas. This is a significant advantage over some other diabetes medications. Patients should still monitor their blood sugar as advised by their healthcare provider, but the risk of hypoglycemia is much lower with tirzepatide alone.

Obesity increases the risk and severity of psoriasis through a pro-inflammatory state driven by adipokines (e.g., leptin), cytokines, and gut dysbiosis.

Your body fat is not just stored energy; it actively produces inflammatory signals (like leptin) that can trigger or worsen psoriasis. Managing your weight is not just about aesthetics; it is a direct medical intervention to reduce the inflammatory drive of your skin condition.

Genetic loss-of-function variants in the GIP receptor are associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and protection against obesity in humans.

Large-scale genetic studies show that people with naturally reduced GIP receptor function tend to have lower body weight. This suggests that therapies designed to block or antagonize the GIP receptor could be effective for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Pitavastatin 4mg daily increases the risk of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, but this effect is clinically significant primarily in individuals with multiple baseline metabolic risk factors (obesity, pre-diabetes, or metabolic syndrome).

If you have HIV and are considering statins for heart health, discuss your metabolic risk factors (weight, blood sugar) with your doctor. If you are healthy weight and have normal blood sugar, your risk of developing diabetes from the statin is very low. If you have existing metabolic risks, your doctor may monitor your blood sugar more closely or suggest lifestyle interventions to mitigate this small risk.

Baseline metabolic risk factors, specifically pre-diabetes, obesity (high BMI), and metabolic syndrome components, are the strongest predictors of new-onset diabetes in people with HIV, regardless of statin treatment.

Focus on managing your weight and blood sugar levels. These factors are much more important for your diabetes risk than your HIV status or specific medications. If you have pre-diabetes or are overweight, addressing these through diet and exercise is the most effective way to prevent diabetes.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, Efpeglenatide) significantly reduce MACE-3 and cardiovascular death in patients with Type 2 Diabetes and high cardiovascular risk.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and high heart disease risk, GLP-1 agonists (injectable or oral) are recommended to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Discuss these options with your provider.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are associated with a higher frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) compared to placebo, although the risk of serious adverse events like pancreatitis remains comparable.

Expect gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and diarrhea when starting GLP-1 medications. These are common but usually mild to moderate. Serious side effects like pancreatitis are rare and occur at similar rates to placebo. Discuss management strategies with your provider to maintain treatment.

Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) is a major risk factor for the development, recurrence, and mortality of several solid-organ and hematological malignancies, including post-menopausal breast, colorectal, endometrial, kidney, esophageal, pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder cancers.

Maintaining a healthy body weight (BMI <25) is a critical strategy for reducing the risk of developing several common cancers, particularly post-menopausal breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers. For cancer survivors, weight management is essential to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival outcomes.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (specifically liraglutide, subcutaneous semaglutide, and dulaglutide) significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with type 2 diabetes, independent of glucose-lowering effects.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and established heart disease or high risk, ask your doctor about GLP-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide, semaglutide, or dulaglutide. These drugs are proven to significantly lower your risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death, regardless of how well they control your blood sugar. They are now a standard recommendation in guidelines for high-risk patients.

Discontinuation of second-generation anti-obesity medications (semaglutide and tirzepatide) leads to rapid and substantial weight regain, often returning to baseline cardiometabolic status, demonstrating the chronic nature of obesity and the need for indefinite treatment.

If you stop taking semaglutide or tirzepatide, you will likely regain most of the weight you lost within a year. This demonstrates that obesity is a chronic condition requiring long-term treatment, similar to high blood pressure. To maintain weight loss, you likely need to continue the medication indefinitely.

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure, cardiovascular events, and renal progression in patients with type 2 diabetes, independent of glycemic control.

If you have type 2 diabetes and heart or kidney issues, ask your doctor about SGLT2 inhibitors. They protect your heart and kidneys, not just your blood sugar.

Semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risk (MACE) and non-ASCVD deaths (including from infections) in overweight/obese patients with established cardiovascular disease, independent of diabetes status.

If you are overweight or obese and have heart disease, semaglutide 2.4mg weekly can reduce your risk of heart attack, stroke, and death by 20%, even if you don't have diabetes. It may also reduce death from infections.

GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, primarily by reducing non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke.

If you have Type 2 Diabetes and are at high risk for heart disease, GLP-1 receptor agonists (like semaglutide or liraglutide) are a primary treatment option that not only lowers blood sugar but significantly reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke. These medications are taken via injection (daily or weekly) and have been shown in large clinical trials to improve cardiovascular outcomes compared to placebo.

Obesity, particularly visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation, promotes cardiovascular disease through mechanisms including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction, leading to conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure.

Obesity is not just about weight; it causes real physical changes in your body, especially around your belly (visceral fat), that increase your risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. These changes involve inflammation and hormonal imbalances that damage your blood vessels and heart. Understanding this helps explain why treating obesity is crucial for long-term heart health, not just appearance.