Browse the evidence

Increased consumption of simple sugars and fats is directly related to changes in the composition and functions of gut microbiota.

Dietary recommendations should consider the impact of sugar and fat on gut health.

The control group demonstrated a trend of gaining on average 0.37 ± 6.03 kg.

Regular care may not be effective for weight management compared to structured programs.

Subjects with the highest scores on the 'high-protein and high-carbohydrate' dietary patterns had higher odds of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those with the lowest scores (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.11–3.96).

Practitioners should consider advising patients with T2D to be cautious about high-protein and high-carbohydrate dietary patterns due to their association with increased CVD risk.

The dietary pattern of PCA-prudent was not significantly related to the odds of having CVD in T2D patients (adjusted OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70–1.24).

This suggests that not all dietary patterns are equally associated with CVD risk, and practitioners should evaluate dietary recommendations accordingly.

Cost sharing does not contribute to better participation or weight loss relative to total subsidy.

Cost sharing may not be effective for improving long-term outcomes in weight-loss programs.

A 6 mg • kg -1 dose of caffeine does not show significant strength improvements compared to a placebo.

Lower doses of caffeine may not be effective for enhancing strength in resistance training.

Resistance training tempo has minimal overall effect on muscle hypertrophy.

Practitioners may consider that varying resistance training tempo may not significantly impact muscle growth.

Statistical methods can separate variability into participant-by-training interaction and within-participant variance.

Using these statistical methods can enhance the accuracy of individual training assessments.

The evidence supporting the three scientific models of obesity that blame dietary macronutrients is mixed and sometimes false.

Practitioners should be cautious about attributing obesity to specific macronutrients without considering the mixed evidence.

Obesity prevalence has been increasing despite the regulation of body weight by a biological feedback control system.

Understanding the biological regulation of body weight can inform strategies for addressing obesity.

The chapter reviews concepts of energy balance and macronutrient balance as applied to the human body.

Practitioners should incorporate energy and macronutrient balance concepts into their approaches to nutrition.

Short-term time-restricted feeding (TRF) does not significantly change supramaximal exercise performance.

Short-term TRF may not be beneficial for immediate performance improvements.

Specific warm-up (SWU) protocols are similar to no warm-up (CON) regarding resistance training (RT) performance and perceptual responses.

Practitioners may consider skipping warm-up protocols to save time without compromising performance.

The comparison of 1SET and 2SET to CON indicated negligible to small potential differences for all outcomes.

The differences in warm-up protocols may not be significant enough to warrant changes in practice.

Posterior probabilities of SWU conditions being superior to CON remained relatively low for the bench press and 45° leg press.

There is little evidence to support the necessity of specific warm-up protocols for improving performance.

The cost-effectiveness of ILI over the 9-year period is unclear due to different health utility measures leading to different conclusions.

Practitioners should be cautious in interpreting the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle interventions due to variability in health utility measures.

Improvements in HOMA and Matsuda index did not differ significantly between the HLF and HLC diets.

Both diets can be considered equally effective for improving certain aspects of insulin sensitivity.

Neither Ins-30 nor genotype pattern modified the effect of diet on 12-month weight loss.

Individual factors like insulin secretion and genotype may not need to be considered when choosing between these diets for weight loss.

Higher Genetic Risk Score (GRS) relates to smaller year one change in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (WCadjBMI) in lifestyle intervention arms.

Practitioners should consider genetic risk factors when designing weight loss interventions, as they may influence outcomes.

Each weighted risk allele in the GRS contributes to a 0.06 cm higher waist circumference at year 1 for individuals with an initial BMI of 34 and a year 1 reduction in BMI of 2.5.

Understanding the genetic contribution to waist circumference can help tailor interventions for individuals.

There are three broadly different subtypes of vegan diets: vegan (general), raw food vegan, and whole food vegan.

Understanding the different subtypes of vegan diets can help practitioners tailor dietary advice.

Obesity is influenced by biological, genetic, behavioural, and environmental factors.

Practitioners should consider multiple factors when addressing obesity.

Neither High Quality nor High Adherence alone were significantly different than the Low Quality/Low Adherence subgroups.

Focus on both dietary quality and adherence rather than either alone for weight loss strategies.

In China, there was no significant association between white rice intake and diabetes risk (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.78-1.41, p for trend = 0.38).

Dietary recommendations regarding white rice may differ in China compared to other regions due to the lack of associated diabetes risk.