Browse the evidence

Replacing 2% of energy from carbohydrates with plant-based protein or polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with 23% to approximately 37% lower total mortality.

Encouraging small dietary changes, such as substituting carbohydrates with plant-based proteins or healthy fats, may significantly lower mortality risk.

Obesity-targeted interventions are a novel treatment strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Healthcare providers should explore obesity-targeted interventions in managing HFpEF.

Higher fat intake was associated with lower total mortality (Q5 vs. Q1, HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.69, 0.98]; p trend < 0.01).

Increasing dietary fat intake may be beneficial for longevity in Korean populations.

Higher ultra-processed food intake was associated with a higher risk of incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a hazard ratio of 1.82 for ≥5 servings/day and 1.67 for 1–4 servings/day compared to <1 serving/day.

Practitioners should consider the impact of ultra-processed food consumption on the risk of IBD in their dietary recommendations.

Different subgroups of ultra-processed food including soft drinks, sweets, salty snacks, and processed meat were associated with higher hazard ratios for IBD.

Practitioners should be aware of the specific types of ultra-processed foods that may increase IBD risk.

Semaglutide treatment is associated with improvements in quality of life (DLQI) and depressive symptoms (BDI) after 6 months.

Improving psoriasis treatment may also enhance mental health and quality of life.

Emerging evidence suggests that combining IF and KD may offer synergistic metabolic effects.

Practitioners may explore the combination of IF and KD for enhanced metabolic benefits in patients.

Incretin analogs are preferred for overweight or obese patients according to the American Gastroenterological Association.

Providers should consider these guidelines when treating overweight or obese patients.

Weight gain increases the risk for atherosclerosis regardless of cardiovascular events status or overweight/obese at baseline.

Practitioners should be aware that weight gain is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis.

The study utilized a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the relationship between lifestyle habits and health outcomes.

Understanding the methodology can help practitioners evaluate the reliability of the findings.

72.2% of patients achieved ≥ 20% total weight loss (TWL) by week 52 on liraglutide.

Practitioners can expect a significant proportion of patients to achieve substantial weight loss with liraglutide.

Patients achieved a calorie deficit of 651 kcal/day while on liraglutide.

Practitioners should encourage calorie tracking to support weight loss efforts in patients using liraglutide.

The basic principles of healthy nutrition remain largely unchanged over the years.

Practitioners should focus on established nutritional guidelines rather than trends.

Observational studies show reduced mortality rates among participants with higher physical activity levels compared to those with less activity.

Encouraging higher physical activity levels may contribute to lower mortality rates.

Protein supplementation improves endurance performance and muscle strength compared to placebo, but these benefits are likely attributable to unmatched energy intake rather than protein itself.

If you are an athlete, protein supplements may help performance, but likely only because they add calories. If you already meet your energy needs, adding protein powder on top of it may not offer extra performance gains compared to a placebo with the same calories. Focus on total energy intake first.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for sustained weight loss in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, with gastric bypass being the most effective procedure for weight reduction, though it carries higher complication risks.

For Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, lifestyle changes alone are rarely enough to fix the breathing issues. Bariatric surgery, particularly gastric bypass, is the most effective way to lose the significant amount of weight (25-30%) needed to potentially resolve the syndrome. You must weigh the surgical risks against the high risk of staying obese.

Energy restriction, rather than carbohydrate restriction itself, is the primary driver of adverse symptoms (keto-flu) during the induction phase of low-carbohydrate diets.

If you experience 'keto-flu' or withdrawal symptoms, check your calorie intake first. You may be eating too little. Ensuring energy sufficiency can reduce these symptoms more effectively than adjusting carb levels alone.

Endoscopic interventions such as Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG) and Transoral Outlet Reduction (TORe) are effective minimally invasive treatments for managing post-bariatric recurrent weight gain (RWG).

If you are gaining weight back after bariatric surgery, ask your doctor about endoscopic procedures like ESG or TORe. These are minimally invasive options that can help with weight loss without the risks of major surgery. They work by mechanically restricting your stomach or outlet size. While they are not as effective as GLP-1 drugs in some cases, they are a valuable tool for managing RWG.

Long-term adherence to low-carbohydrate diets, regardless of carbohydrate quality, is associated with a greater annual increase in waist circumference compared to higher-carbohydrate diets.

Be aware that long-term low-carbohydrate diets may be associated with increased waist circumference, even if other cardiometabolic markers improve. Monitor your waist circumference and consider adjusting your diet if you notice an increase.

Low fat diets do not provide a benefit for weight loss or prevention of overweight compared to low carbohydrate diets.

You do not need to follow a low fat diet to lose weight. Evidence shows that low fat diets are not superior to low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. Focus on diet quality and what you can sustain.

Maintaining an energy availability of 45 kcal/kg lean body mass per day is ideal for optimizing bone health, though achieving levels above 30 kcal/kg lean body mass per day is a more realistic target to minimize negative effects.

To protect your bones, aim for an energy availability above 30 kcal per kg of lean body mass daily. While 45 kcal/kg is ideal, it is often unrealistic for endurance athletes. Focus on eating enough to support your training load rather than restricting energy, as chronic low energy availability directly suppresses bone formation and increases fracture risk.

Inappropriate physical activity (low physical activity) is associated with a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, with an odds ratio of 1.2 compared to those with appropriate physical activity.

Increasing your physical activity levels can help improve your lipid profile. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week, as recommended by general health guidelines, to reduce your risk of dyslipidemia.

Insulin resistance does not prevent weight loss; insulin-resistant individuals lose weight to the same degree as insulin-sensitive individuals when following a hypocaloric diet.

If you have insulin resistance, you can still lose weight. You do not need a special diet or medication to overcome your biology. A caloric deficit will work for you just as it does for anyone else. Focus on creating a sustainable calorie deficit and you will see results.

Higher levels of moderate and moderate-vigorous physical activity are associated with accelerated thickening rates of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and macular thickness (MT) across the full course of diabetic retinopathy, suggesting a neuroprotective structural benefit.

Regular exercise helps preserve the physical structure of your retina. Studies show that higher activity levels are linked to better maintenance of retinal layer thickness, which is crucial for preventing vision loss in diabetes. This structural benefit works alongside the risk reduction from morning exercise timing.