Browse the evidence

A diet with a high glycemic index is associated with an increased risk of a major cardiovascular event or death, with a hazard ratio of 1.51 among participants with preexisting cardiovascular disease and 1.21 among those without such disease.

Practitioners should consider advising patients to limit high glycemic index foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.

A high glycemic index diet is associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes.

High glycemic index diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular mortality, suggesting dietary modifications could be beneficial.

Certain subgroups of UPF, such as refined breads and sugar-sweetened beverages, are associated with higher T2D risk.

Focus on limiting intake of specific UPF subgroups to mitigate T2D risk.

High-quality meta-evidence supports the association between total UPF consumption and higher T2D risk.

Practitioners should consider the quality of evidence when advising on dietary choices related to UPF.

The association between higher total whole grain intake and lower risk of type 2 diabetes was stronger in individuals who were lean compared to those who were overweight or obese.

Lean individuals may benefit more from whole grain consumption in terms of diabetes risk reduction compared to those who are overweight or obese.

Common variables in definitions of sarcopenia include appendicular lean soft tissue mass, grip strength, and gait speed.

Understanding these variables can help practitioners assess sarcopenia more effectively.

Weight loss achieved through GLP-1–based antiobesity medications affects weight regain, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass in people with obesity.

Practitioners should consider the impact of GLP-1 medications on body composition when managing obesity.

Bariatric surgery was associated with a lower incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with cardiovascular disease and obesity, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.58.

Bariatric surgery may significantly reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events in obese patients with heart disease.

Wegovy rose from 989 in 2021 to 2992 in 2022.

The increase in Wegovy usage suggests a rising interest in GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss.

The monthly growth rates were 83.9% for Ozempic and 119.2% for Wegovy.

High monthly growth rates indicate a significant trend towards the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss.

Dietary intake of marine omega-3 PUFAs and replacing SFAs with plant MUFAs or linoleic acid were associated with lower total, CVD, and certain cause-specific mortality.

Incorporating these fats into the diet may reduce mortality risk.

Isocalorically replacing 5% of the energy from SFAs with plant MUFAs was associated with 15%, 10%, 11%, and 30% lower total mortality, CVD, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality, respectively.

Replacing SFAs with plant MUFAs can significantly lower mortality risks.

Diet quality of foods consumed from grocery stores increased modestly in children from 53.2% to 45.1% with poor diet quality and in adults from 40.1% to 32.9% with poor diet quality.

Practitioners should note the modest improvements in grocery store food quality among children and adults, indicating a positive trend in dietary habits.

The largest improvement in diet quality was in schools, with the percentage with poor diet quality decreasing from 55.6% to 24.4%.

This indicates that school nutrition programs may be effectively improving the diet quality of students.

Food quality from other sources worsened, with children showing an increase in poor diet quality from 40.0% to 51.7% and adults from 33.8% to 43.8%.

Practitioners should be aware of the worsening food quality from other sources, indicating a need for intervention.

Muscle mass was reduced only in the control group after immobilization (P < 0.05).

This suggests that omega-3 supplementation may help preserve muscle mass during immobilization.

Liraglutide, 3.0 mg, is safe with no serious adverse events or treatment-related deaths reported.

Liraglutide can be considered a safe option for weight management in the studied population.

The significant between-group differences in glycemic control were maintained at 12-month follow-up.

Long-term adherence to the PPT diet may provide sustained benefits for glycemic control.

A minimal fish intake of 175 g (approximately 2 servings) weekly is associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality among patients with prior CVD.

Practitioners should recommend at least 2 servings of fish per week for patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure.

Practitioners can use lighter loads to task failure for muscle activation without needing heavier weights.

Anabolic resistance contributes to skeletal muscle atrophy with aging and during critical illness.

Practitioners should consider anabolic resistance when developing interventions for muscle preservation in aging and critical care.

Change in apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) over time was related to amount of weight loss, baseline AHI, and intervention independent of weight change.

Understanding these relationships can help tailor interventions for better OSA management.

Eccentric muscle actions resulted in a greater effect size compared with concentric actions, but results did not reach statistical significance (ES difference = 0.25 ± 0.13; p = 0.076).

Practitioners should consider incorporating both eccentric and concentric training in hypertrophy programs.

Bariatric surgery can result in a 10-year percentage excess weight loss that can surpass 50%.

Bariatric surgery may be a viable option for significant weight loss in select patients.