Browse the evidence

Hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis are present in children and adults with obesity.

Practitioners should consider hypothalamic inflammation as a factor in obesity management.

Passive, low-intensity stretch does not appear to confer beneficial changes in muscle size and architecture.

Practitioners should avoid relying solely on passive stretching for muscle growth.

There are existing knowledge gaps in the molecular adaptations to exercise that warrant continued research effort.

Researchers should focus on addressing these knowledge gaps to advance the field.

The obesity paradox was not observed among those with coronary heart disease (CHD), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.00 (95% CI 0.86, 1.17).

Clinicians should be cautious in applying the obesity paradox to patients with coronary heart disease.

There were no cases of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents.

While there is an increased risk of residual gastric content, the absence of pulmonary aspiration suggests a level of safety in this context.

Lifestyle interventions were not superior to usual care in reducing cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.79-1.23).

Practitioners should consider that lifestyle interventions may not significantly impact cardiovascular mortality in this population.

Lifestyle interventions were not superior to usual care in reducing all-cause mortality (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.85-1.03).

Practitioners should note that lifestyle interventions may not significantly affect all-cause mortality in this population.

Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses showed no influence of various factors on mortality outcomes.

Practitioners should be aware that various factors did not affect the mortality outcomes in this study.

Bioavailable testosterone did not change for either the low-glycaemic load or low-fat diet groups.

Dietary changes may not affect testosterone levels in adolescents with PCOS.

Recruiting adolescents for dietary intervention studies poses challenges.

Researchers should consider recruitment strategies tailored for adolescents in dietary studies.

In the intensive lifestyle intervention group, higher variability of BMI is not associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, or cardiovascular events.

Intensive lifestyle interventions may mitigate the risks associated with BMI variability in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Higher plasma concentrations of TMAO are associated with a 30% increased risk of death from any cause among older adults.

Practitioners should consider monitoring TMAO levels in older adults as a potential risk factor for mortality.

Choline is associated with a 19% increased risk of death from any cause among older adults.

Monitoring choline levels may also be relevant for assessing mortality risk in older adults.

Carnitine and butyrobetaine are each associated with a 26% increased risk of death from any cause among older adults.

Practitioners should be aware of the potential risks associated with elevated levels of carnitine and butyrobetaine in older adults.

GLP-1 receptor agonist use was not associated with an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration compared to SGLT-2 inhibitor use.

Practitioners can consider GLP-1 receptor agonists safe regarding pulmonary aspiration risk before endoscopy.

No increased risk of pulmonary aspiration was observed among adults with type 2 diabetes using GLP-1 receptor agonists compared to SGLT-2 inhibitors.

This finding may influence preprocedural protocols for endoscopy in patients using GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Caloric restriction has a range of beneficial effects in nonhuman primates studied under laboratory conditions.

Caloric restriction may offer health benefits in nonhuman primates, indicating potential for similar effects in humans.

There were no significant changes in HbA1c between year 1 and year 4 for all bMVPA timing groups.

Practitioners should be aware that initial improvements in glycemic control may not persist long-term.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise does not induce satellite cell expansion.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may not be sufficient for muscle health in older adults.

Long-term research on GI and weight regulation is needed.

Future studies should focus on the long-term effects of GI on weight management.

Tirzepatide and semaglutide are not cost-effective at current net prices, requiring significant discounts to meet cost-effectiveness thresholds.

Healthcare providers should consider the cost-effectiveness of these medications when making treatment decisions.

Rifaximin treatment for 6 weeks did not result in significant changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in patients with NASH (55 [33-191] vs. 63 [41-218] IU/L, P = 0.41).

Rifaximin may not be effective for reducing liver inflammation in NASH patients based on ALT levels.

There was no significant change in hepatic insulin sensitivity after 6 weeks of rifaximin treatment (35.2 [15.3-51.7]% vs. 30.0 [10.8-50.5]%, P = 0.47).

Rifaximin does not appear to enhance insulin sensitivity in NASH patients.

After 12 weeks from baseline, serum ALT levels increased significantly to 83 (30-217) IU/L (P = 0.02).

Monitoring ALT levels is important as they may worsen after rifaximin treatment in NASH patients.