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Resting muscle glycogen content was approximately 300% higher in high glycogen (HG) than low glycogen (LG) conditions.

Higher muscle glycogen levels significantly enhance carbohydrate availability for exercise.

Rates of fat oxidation remained elevated above baseline even after 1 day of a carbohydrate diet.

Endurance athletes may benefit from sustained fat oxidation even after carbohydrate consumption.

The training specific adaptive response is influenced by the overload stimulus and individual muscle fibre type.

Understanding individual muscle fibre types can help tailor training programs for better results.

Cycling endurance was superior to running endurance, with time to exhaustion being longer in cycling (96±14 min) compared to running (63±11 min; P<0.05).

Triathletes may benefit from focusing on cycling for improved endurance performance.

Plasma glucose levels at fatigue were lower in cycling (5.8±0.5 mmol·l-1) compared to running (7.0±0.9 mmol·l-1; P<0.05).

Lower plasma glucose levels during cycling may indicate more efficient energy use.

Total rates of carbohydrate oxidation were greater during cycling (24.0±0.8 mmol C6·min-1) than running (21.7±1.4 mmol C6·min-1; P<0.01).

Triathletes may optimize performance by understanding carbohydrate oxidation rates in different activities.

Muscle glycogen concentration affects anabolic signaling following resistance exercise, with divergent glycogen levels observed between low and normal glycogen legs.

Practitioners should consider the impact of muscle glycogen levels on anabolic signaling when designing resistance training programs.

Advocating for food systems that promote healthy foods and drinks is essential.

Practitioners should focus on promoting healthy food options and advocating against junk food marketing.

There is a need to stop food companies from marketing junk foods to children.

Practitioners should advocate for policies that limit junk food marketing to children.

Stakeholders believe that vouchers, coupons, or monetary incentives for purchasing healthful foods might have the greatest potential for improving the diets of SNAP participants.

Implementing incentives could be a viable strategy to enhance SNAP participants' nutrition.

Fat oxidation increased by 34% after 6 days of a high-fat diet.

Endurance athletes may experience increased fat oxidation with a high-fat diet.

Fat oxidation decreased by 30% after 6 days of a high-carbohydrate diet.

A high-carbohydrate diet may reduce fat oxidation in endurance athletes.

Endurance exercise induces a variety of metabolic and morphological responses/adaptations in skeletal muscle that function to minimize cellular disturbances during subsequent training sessions.

Endurance training can enhance muscle function and resilience during workouts.

Public health efforts should focus on educating people to eat better if poor food choices are a matter of personal responsibility alone.

Practitioners should advocate for education as a key component of public health strategies.

BOLUS ingestion increased phosphorylation of p70S6K Thr389 above rest only at 1 h (∼20 fold) and 7 h post-exercise (∼12 fold; both p<0.05).

Consuming a larger bolus of protein post-exercise may enhance anabolic signaling more effectively than smaller, more frequent doses.

A pilot RCT is being conducted to compare the effects of low-fat vs. low-glycemic load diets on bioavailable testosterone in girls with PCOS.

Practitioners may consider dietary interventions as a first-line non-pharmacologic treatment for PCOS.

Energy availability (EA) was lower on a low fat (LF) diet compared to low glycemic index (LGI) and very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets during the late postprandial period.

Practitioners should consider the impact of diet type on energy availability during weight maintenance.

There were significant diet-time interactions for glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucagon, and metabolic rate (MR).

Different diets can significantly affect metabolic responses post-meal.

High GI meals are associated with lower satiety at peak glycemia compared to low GI meals.

High GI foods may lead to increased hunger shortly after consumption, which could affect dietary choices.

High GI meals result in greater late postprandial hunger compared to low GI meals.

Practitioners should be aware that high GI meals may lead to increased hunger later, potentially influencing overall caloric intake.

Muscle glycogen utilization was higher on DAY 3 (600 ± 86 mmol·kg−1 dw) compared to both DAY 1 (340 ± 84 mmol·kg−1 dw) and DAY 5 (350 ± 51 mmol·kg−1 dw, P <0.001).

Athletes may experience higher glycogen utilization during exercise on the third day of a high CHO diet, which could impact performance.

Glucose metrics continued to decline after week 1 in high-carbohydrate diets.

High-carbohydrate diets may lead to improved glucose metrics over time.

The number of participants with abnormal glucose tolerance decreased in high-carbohydrate groups.

Transitioning to a high-carbohydrate diet may improve glucose tolerance in individuals.

A high glycemic index (GI) meal elicits increased hunger and late postprandial activation of brain areas linked to food cravings.

Practitioners should be aware that high GI meals can increase hunger and cravings, potentially leading to overeating.